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110007Sound assimilation may bring about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of “Engla-land” to “England”.

110008When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as（）.

110009The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called（）, which include syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation.

110010The word “digitalization” consists of（）syllables.

110011In a syllable, a vowel often serves as（）.

110012Which of the following is NOT a Suprasegmental feature?

110013The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of（）. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

110014A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as（）.

110015Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called（）.

110016Simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory（）

110017Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.

110018In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.

110019Aspiration is a distinctive feature in English.

110020In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].

110021In English, the distinction between aspirated [p?] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.

110022When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a（）.

110023In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as（）.

110024The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call（）.

110025In producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the（）.

110026When such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we call the process（）.

110027When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.

110028Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.

110029The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.

110030Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

110031Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.

110032The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones（）.

110033Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be（）.

110034The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the（）of that phoneme.

110035A(n)（）is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

110036Of all the speech organs, the（）is/are the most flexible.

110037Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

110038The high front tense unrounded vowel in English is [i:].

110039Vowels are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.

110040Velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue raised to touch the velum.

110041According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a alveolar.

110042The voiceless alveolar fricative in English is（）.

110043The voiceless bilabial stop in English is（）.

110044The two sounds [ p ] and [ b ] share the same place and manner of articulation, but they are distinguished by（）.

110045Which of the following sounds is a palatal?

110046（）s are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

110047（）can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.

110048A（）vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

110049The difference between vowels and consonants lies in（）.

110050The classification and description of English vowels are based on（）.

110051（）are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.

110052/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.

110053According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

110054English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.

110055According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a fricative.

110056The difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.

110057Which of the following sounds is an alveolar?（）.

110058Which of the following sounds is a bilabial?（）.

110059In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of（）.

110060According to the manner of articulation, [m] is a（）.

110061The classification and description of English consonants are based on（）.

110062（）refers to the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in（）.

110063The speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are（）s. (A（）is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.)

110064The tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root.

110065Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

110066Cave and shave forms a minimal pair.

110067When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.

110068A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.

110069Pair（）is not in complementary distribution.

110070The study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with（）.

110071The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is closely connected with（）.

110072The study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with（）.

110073Pair（）doesn’t form a minimal pair.

110074Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.

110075A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.

110076According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.

110077All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.

110078There are some well-known theories about the origin of language,　among which（）proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture.

110079When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.

110080According to Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language,　language has ideational, interpersonal and textual function.

110081According to Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.

110082When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.

110083“Language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.

110084The（）function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.

110085The social functions of language do NOT include（）.

110086Which of the following is NOT a metafunction of language proposed by Halliday?

110087When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the（）function of language.

110088（）nfocuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language.

110089The yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.

110090Now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.

110091The bow-wow theory　is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.

110092（）holds that language originates from the uttering of instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.

110093（）means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

110094By（）is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

110095In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of（）vocal symbols used for human communication.

110096One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called（）.

110097The design feature of（）refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.

110098“I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of（）.

110099Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature of language?

110100（）is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. Most problems in（）are more concrete, involving the study of language acquisition especially in childr

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