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109911（）refer to those kind of antonyms which are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other

109912（）refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. It can be divided into gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, converse antonymy or relational opposites.

109913（）is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.

109914“Alive” and “dead” are（）.

109915All the following are marked words EXCEPT（）.

109916“Big” and “small” are（）antonyms.

109917Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?

109918（）refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.

109919The following are factors that help to produce near synonyms except　　 .

109920Words that are close in meaning are called（）.

109921“Fall” and “autumn” are（）synonyms.

109922（）is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for this conce

109923Leech says that（）makes up the central part.

109924From a functional approach, the（）meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.

109925“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its（）meaning.

109926The same word has the same（）meaning to all the speakers of the same language.

109927What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis is what Leech recognizes as（）meaning.

109928（）means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

109929（）is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualised.

109930（）can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.

109931Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

109932Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

109933Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

109934Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

109935（）is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

109936Which of the following is not true?

109937The naming theory is advanced by（）.

109938（）can be defined as the study of meaning.

109939Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of（）.

109940The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.

109941Which of the following type of grammatical construction is NOT a typical endocentric construction?

109942（）construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.

109943（）is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

109944（）are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.

109945It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

109946The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.

109947A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a（）grammar.

109948The representative figure of TG grammar is（）.

109949（）rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.

109950Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called（）.

109951（）is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.

109952Endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.

109953Exocentric construction is also called headed construction.

109954Construction can be divided into two types: endocentric construction and exocentric construction.

109955Construction is the grammatical structure of a sentence or any smaller unit, represented by a set of elements and relations between elements.

109956The three small children with children as its head, belongs to（）.

109957Typical endocentric constructions are not（）.

109958Which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound?

109959（）refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

109960Immediate Constituents Analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in（）.

109961The structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with（）.

109962WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.

109963What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.

109964Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.

109965Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

109966（）refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element　present and the others absent.

109967The sentence structure is（）.

109968The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that（）.

109969Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?

109970In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

109971The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

109972Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.

109973Descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.

109974The syntactic rules of any language are（）in number.

109975Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand（）.

109976Phrase structure rules have（）properties.

109977A（）in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

109978A sentence is considered（）when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.

109979“Invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

109980A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments.

109981”Although“ is an open-class word.

109982The different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the（）of that morpheme.

109983（）refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.

109984（）can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups words: table－－tables, influenza－－flu.

109985Inflection shows a relationship between roots and affixes.

109986Derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.

109987Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding.

109988“Invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial pan of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

109989（）can best describe the following group of words: advertisement— ad, bicycle—bike.

109990（）can best describe the following group of words: table—tables, day + break—daybreak.

109991（）can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), Eurodollar (from European + dollar).

109992Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?

109993（）can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups of words: table－－tables, influenza－－flu.

109994A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. Each of the phonetic forms or variants is a morph. A single morpheme may be phonetically realized as

109995（）refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. And（）can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root

109996Although is an open-class word.

109997The bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.

109998Stems in English can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

109999–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.

110000Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.

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