英语语言学概论

101In a syllable, a vowel often serves as（）

102The word digitalization consists of（）syllables

103The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called（）, which include syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation

104When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as（）

105Sound assimilation may bring about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of Engla-land to England

106（）refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence

107Derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words English derivational affixes are divided into（）and（）

108In the word unavailability,（）is the root

109In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a future tense This is because in English（）

110The morpheme vision in the word television is a(n)（）

111Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?

112Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning

113–ing is an inflectional suffix

114Stems in English can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes

115The bound morpheme in apples is an inflectional morpheme

116Although is an open-class word

117（）refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed And（）can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root

118A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments Each of the phonetic forms or variants is a morph A single morpheme may be phonetically realized as

119（）can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups of words: table－－tables, influenza－－flu

120Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?

121（）can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), Eurodollar (from European + dollar)

122（）can best describe the following group of words: table—tables, day + break—daybreak

123（）can best describe the following group of words: advertisement— ad, bicycle—bike

124Invention is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial pan of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words

125Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding

126Derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem

127Inflection shows a relationship between roots and affixes

128（）can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups words: table－－tables, influenza－－flu

129（）refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed

130The different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the（）of that morpheme

131Although is an open-class word

132A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments

133Invention is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words

134A sentence is considered（）when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers

135A（）in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause

136Phrase structure rules have（）properties

137Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand（）

138The syntactic rules of any language are（）in number

139Descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are

140Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence

141The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend

142In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other

143Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?

144The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that（）

145The sentence structure is（）

146（）refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element　present and the others absent

147Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category

148Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic

149What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge

150WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative

151The structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with（）

152Immediate Constituents Analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in（）

153（）refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached

154Which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound?

155Typical endocentric constructions are not（）

156The three small children with children as its head, belongs to（）

157Construction is the grammatical structure of a sentence or any smaller unit, represented by a set of elements and relations between elements

158Construction can be divided into two types: endocentric construction and exocentric construction

159Exocentric construction is also called headed construction

160Endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction

161（）is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, ie, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head

162Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called（）

163（）rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence

164The representative figure of TG grammar is（）

165A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a（）grammar

166The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence

167It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure

168（）are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type

169（）is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure

170（）construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, ie, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head

171Which of the following type of grammatical construction is NOT a typical endocentric construction?

172The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used

173Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of（）

174（）can be defined as the study of meaning

175The naming theory is advanced by（）

176Which of the following is not true?

177（）is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features

178Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form

179Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations

180Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer

181Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality

182（）can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language

183（）is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualised

184（）means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience

185What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis is what Leech recognizes as（）meaning

186The same word has the same（）meaning to all the speakers of the same language

187Yellow has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its（）meaning

188From a functional approach, the（）meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer

189Leech says that（）makes up the central part

190（）is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference But Leech also uses sense as a briefer term for this conce

191Fall and autumn are（）synonyms

192Words that are close in meaning are called（）

193The following are factors that help to produce near synonyms except　　

194（）refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning

195Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?

196Big and small are（）antonyms

197All the following are marked words EXCEPT（）

198Alive and dead are（）

199（）is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types

200（）refers to the oppositeness of meaning Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms It can be divided into gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, converse antonymy or relational opposites

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