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英语语言学概论

1（）holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature
2The scope of linguistic study may be generally divided into（）
3Saussure made the distinction between（）
4Chomsky made the distinction between（）
5As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be（）
6Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar
7The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called performance
8The fact that children can speak before they can read or write shows that language is arbitrary
9According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence（）
10（）linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history
11A（）description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation
12（）is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language Most problems in（）are more concrete, involving the study of language acquisition especially in childr
13Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature of language?
14I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2000 years ago This shows that language has the design feature of（）
15The design feature of（）refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level
16One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before This property of language is called（）
17In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of（）vocal symbols used for human communication
18By（）is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization
19（）means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication
20（）holds that language originates from the uttering of instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy
21The bow-wow theory　is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds
22Now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages
23The yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work
24（）nfocuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language
25When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the（）function of language
26Which of the following is NOT a metafunction of language proposed by Halliday?
27The social functions of language do NOT include（）
28The（）function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas
29Language operates by rules is a fundamental view about language
30When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language
31According to Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship
32According to Hallidays theory of metafunctions of language,　language has ideational, interpersonal and textual function
33When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language
34There are some well-known theories about the origin of language,　among which（）proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture
35All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics
36According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance
37A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation
38Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history
39Pair（）doesn’t form a minimal pair
40The study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with（）
41The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is closely connected with（）
42The study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with（）
43Pair（）is not in complementary distribution
44A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme
45When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced
46Cave and shave forms a minimal pair
47Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived
48The tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root
49The speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are（）s (A（）is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language)
50（）refers to the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in（）
51The classification and description of English consonants are based on（）
52According to the manner of articulation, [m] is a（）
53In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of（）
54Which of the following sounds is a bilabial?（）
55Which of the following sounds is an alveolar?（）
56The difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream
57According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a fricative
58English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest
59According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar
60/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop
61（）are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity
62The classification and description of English vowels are based on（）
63The difference between vowels and consonants lies in（）
64A（）vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position
65（）can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels
66（）s are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived
67Which of the following sounds is a palatal?
68The two sounds [ p ] and [ b ] share the same place and manner of articulation, but they are distinguished by（）
69The voiceless bilabial stop in English is（）
70The voiceless alveolar fricative in English is（）
71According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a alveolar
72Velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue raised to touch the velum
73Vowels are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity
74The high front tense unrounded vowel in English is [i:]
75Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived
76Of all the speech organs, the（）is/are the most flexible
77A(n)（）is a unit that is of distinctive value It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features
78The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the（）of that phoneme
79Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be（）
80The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones（）
81Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication
82Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories
83The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific
84Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments
85When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast
86When such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we call the process（）
87In producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the（）
88The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call（）
89In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as（）
90When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a（）
91In English, the distinction between aspirated [p?] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic
92In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p]
93Aspiration is a distinctive feature in English
94In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the narrow transcription
95Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps
96Simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory（）
97Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called（）
98A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as（）
99The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of（） But it is an abstract unit To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features
100Which of the following is NOT a Suprasegmental feature?
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