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中西文化交流
中西文化交流
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Culture usually refers to a fuzzy set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies, procedures and behavioral conventions that are shared by a group of people, and that influence each member’s behaviour and his/her interpretati
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Western civilization or Occidental culture, usually refers to the heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies that originated in or are associated with Europe and America
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The word philosophy is derived from the Greek word philosophia, meaning love of freedom
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Philosophy is a form of reflective thinking that critically questions and confronts established beliefs, customs, practices, and institutions of a society
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The four paradigmatic philosophers in human history are Socrates, Confucius, Jesus Christ and Sakyamuni
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The Axial age refers to a period from 800 BC to 200 BC in which many great thinkers appeared in Persia, India, China and Egypt
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Plato is the father of western philosophy
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Socrates wrote a lot of influential philosophical books when he was alive
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Two charges against Socraes were his heresy and his corruption of the youth with his teachings
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For Socrates, true knowledge is unchanging and eternal truth inscribed within one’s soul Opinions, on the other hand, are changeable and offer only temporal views, ideas, and mere beliefs
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In about 500 BC, the classic period of Chinese philosophy（known as the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought）flourished, and the three most influential schools were established They are Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism
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Confucius wanted to serve in high office in the hope that he could restore the ancient morality set by the founders of the Zhou Dynasty（1046–256 BC）
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After realizing his political ideal in his own state of Lu, Confucius began to travel from state to state, trying to spread his teachings
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Confucius influence on China is so great that he was hailed after his death as The Uncrowned King
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In ethics, Confucianism advocates the Six Constant Virtues
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In politics, Confucianism advocates benevolent government
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Confucius is also the first educator who proposed that there should be no distinction of classes in teaching
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Both Confucius and Socrates put emphasis on virtue and self-improvement
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Both Confucius and Socrates would often enlighten his students by directly providing his answers
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Both Confucius and Socrates taught their students rather informally and used primarily a conversational style
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Ralph Waldo Emerson is an American philosopher who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century
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Bertrand Russell，an American philosopher, takes logic and science as the principal tools of the philosopher
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Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence in the formation of ideas
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Bacon has been called the father of empiricism
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The three jewels of the Taoism are compassion, moderation and filial piety
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The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe—the Britons
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The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the mide-5th century
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The Bill of Rights granted the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government, which is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism
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In 1066, Duke William of Normandy crossed the channel, defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England which marked the establishment of feudalism in England
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The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory
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Black Death spread through Europe in the 14th century, and swept through England in 1348 without any cure, killing half of the population and causing enormous economic losses
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The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of the House of Anjou
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America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus
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The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson
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The first English colony in America was founded at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1607, known as the mother state
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The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in Lexington
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Abraham Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation to grant freedom to all slaves
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In Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln said Government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth
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The German air raid on Pearl Harbour was the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war
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President Roosevelt applied New Deal to deal with the problem of the Great Depression
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Pilgrim Fathers are a group of Puritans who came to America to avoid persecution in England
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The First Opium War, also known as Anglo-Chinese War was fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China It marked the start of the Century of Humiliation
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The direct cause of the First Opium War was Chinese official seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade
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The Qing government adhered to the policy of emphasizing commerce and restraining agriculture, claiming that commerce is the foundation of all
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Under a ban on the sea, officials of Qing government were prohibited from going out to sea privately, but the civilians were allowed to conduct foreign trade
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In Britain the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class
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Private schools in UK are somewhat confusingly called public schools
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The lectures provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a given topic
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For those people who have missed the opportunity for higher education, the open university provides a second chance
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Admission to British university is by selection based on A-level results
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In Britain, a Masters degree requires three years of full time study
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There is actually no definite area that can be called campus in Oxford and Cambridge University
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There is a national education system providing uniform standards for schools in all the states of America
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Religious doctrine can be taught in American public schools
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Individualized instruction within a classroom is an important idea in American education and learning by doing remains a highly respected approach to child development
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American schools stress the ability of memorization of facts rather than cultivating the students independent thinking ability
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Quite a number of American students work part-time during their school years
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In the Wei and Jin Period and Southern and Northern Dynasties, actually, local government authorities were given the task of selecting talented candidates, then categorizing them into nine grades depending on their abilities
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In ancient China the success of examination candidates was proudly called stepping into the dragons door
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In Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Examination System reached its period of full bloom, which consisted of four levels: the County Exam, the Provincial Exam, National Exam, and the Palace Exam
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It was later realized that Eight-part Essay was harmful because it stifled both creativity and imagination
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Co-educational schools or mixed schools are those schools where both boys and girls are admitted
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In US and UK, students beginning in a school are grouped into classes and they remain in those classes for the entire time in that school
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Classrooms in western schools can be full of lively and engaging discussion, but its a rude way to disagree with teachers, or challenge them
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The western education system allows students to learn at their own pace, through trial and error, gaining experience by dealing with and overcoming problems
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Based on regional feature, Chinese cuisines have been divided into eight main schools: Shangdong Cuisine, Sichuan Cusine, Guangdong Cuisine, Fujian Cusine, Jiangsu Cusine, Zhejiang Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine, and Shanxi Cuisine
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Food served on the Eve of the Lunar New Year is usually full of symbolism
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Noodles are the symbol of longevity in Chinese culture
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There are five features of Chinese food culture, they are nutrition, flavor, regionalization, variety and folk custom
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Shen Nong tasted herbs to distinguish the poisonous and edible ones
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Yi Yin admired Lao Zi for his governing a great nation just like cooking a small delicacy
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The principle of homology of medicine and food is not used now in China
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Red boiled eggs are usually cooked and served to celebrate the birth of a new baby
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The most popular dish in Britain is fish and chips
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British afternoon tea is eaten from the top to the bottom
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High tea is usually served on high table at 6 pm in the living room
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Pub is short for public house
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British people would like to go to the pub to have some drinks, play games and communicate with friends
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Fast food and carbonated drinks are numerous in America, but there is no drive-in fast food stores
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As a nation of immigrants, there are diverse types of food in America
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Boston is famous for its roast potatoes and blue crabs
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The flavor of food in China basically includes sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty
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American people favor fast food like Burger King, KFC, MacDonald’s etc
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According to Chinese food culture, food is the paramount necessity of people
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Homology of food and medicine is a principle of Chinese food culture, by which the nutrition of food is well perceived through traditional medicinal concept
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Different natural geographical environment, climatic conditions, resources, specialties, custom and unique historical development experience have created different food cultures in different countries and regions in the world
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The aesthetic appetite of Chinese food culture lies on its flavor, cooking, look, utensil器具, name and cultural image
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Delicious food matching fine utensil（美食配美器）is not highly valued in traditional culinary culture
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The beauty of food image can not be detected in traditional Chinese poems and proses
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In both Chinese and western culture, strict table manners should be observed
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To understand the origin of Chinese Festivals, we may first know about the ancient Chinese calendar system which is known as the Agricultural Calendar
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Some solar terms related festivals have evolved into traditional festivals, such as Qingming Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival
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Spring Festival or the Chinese New Year falls on January 1st, and ends on January 15th
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Tomb Sweeping Day is on the 15th day from the Spring Equinox, usually occurring around April 5th of the lunar calendar
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The origin of Dragon Boat Festival centers around a scholarly government official named Qu Yuan, and most widely-accepted customs are eating green glutinous ball and Dragon Boat Race
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The formation of the festivals actually has something to do with ancient peoples beliefs
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The Times Square Ball located high above is lowered at midnight, with a countdown from ten seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower
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April Fool’s Day originated in Germany When the German first adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1564, some people continued to use the old calendar to celebrate New Year’s Day on April 1st, and these people were called April Fools
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In 1863, Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November to be Thanksgiving Day
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The first recorded association of Valentines Day with romantic love is in Parlement of Foules by Geoffrey Chaucer
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