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私法英语表达

1The contemporary legal systems of the world are generally based on one of four basic systems （）, common law, statutory law, religious law or combinations of these

2（） are systems of law whose sources are the decision in cases by judges

3Alongside, every system will have a （） that passes new laws and statute

4The phrase （） means "law that prescribes the procedures and methods for enforcing rights and duties and for obtaining redress"

5The word （） means "to institute and carry forward legal action against for redress or especially punishment of a crime"

6The word （） means "a judicial decision that should be followed by a judge when deciding a later similar case"

7The phrase （） means "law that creates or defines rights, duties, obligations, and causes of action that can be enforced by law"

8The word （） means "a body of persons having the power to legislate"

9The word （） means "a stipulation made as a clause in a statute or contract made beforehand"

10The word （） means "a systematic compilation or revision of law or legal principles that is arranged especially by subject "

11The word （） means "a law enacted by the legislative branch of a government"

12The word （） means "a person authorized to act on another’s behalf; especially lawyer"

13The phrase （） means "a body of laws and legal concepts which come down from old Roman laws established by Emperor Justinian"

14The word （） means "the party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint with the clerk of the court against the defendant(s) demanding damages, performance and/or court determination of rights"

15The word （） means "the party sued in a civil lawsuit or the party charged with a crime in a criminal prosecution; in some types of cases (such as divorce) a defendant may be called a respondent"

16The word （） means "to prepare and sign a bill of exchange or check"

17The word （） means "the final decision by a court in a lawsuit, criminal prosecution or appeal from a lower courts judgment"

18The word （） means "statement in a pleading"

19The word （） means "the profession or work of an advocate; the action of advocating, pleading for, or supporting a cause or proposal"

20Lawyers in the United Kingdom （） generally practice as solicitors in private firms, as legal advisers in corporations, government departments, and advice agencies, or as barristers

21（） mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation

22Barristers tasks include taking cases in superior courts and （）, drafting legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert legal opinions

23A （） is a legal practitioner who traditionally deals with most of the legal matters in some jurisdictions

24A （） presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges

25In some jurisdictions, the judges powers may be shared with a （）

26In （） of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate

27The word （） means "from French for wrong, a civil wrong or wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental, from which injury occurs to another"

28The word （） means "failure to exercise the care toward others which a reasonable or prudent person would do in the circumstances, or taking action which such a reasonable person would not"

29The word （） means "the means to achieve justice in any matter in which legal rights are involved"

30The word （） means "the act of making untrue statements about another which damages his/her reputation"

31The word （） means "to come to an end in time or effect "

32The word （） means "a person who commits a tort (civil wrong), either intentionally or through negligence"

33The word （） means "entering another persons property without permission of the owner or his/her agent and without lawful authority (like that given to a health inspector) and causing any damage, no matter how slight"

34A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong that unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act, called a （）

35The （） of the harm can recover their loss as damages in a lawsuit

36In order to prevail, the （） in the lawsuit, commonly referred to as the injured party, must show that the actions or lack of action was the legally recognizable cause of the harm

37Legal injuries are not limited to （） and may include emotional, economic, or reputational injuries as well as violations of privacy, property, or constitutional rights

38While many torts are the result of negligence, tort law also recognizes （） torts, where a person has intentionally acted in a way that harms another, and in a few cases (particularly for product liability in the United States) "strict liability"

39Sometimes a plaintiff may prevail in a tort case even if the person who allegedly caused harm was （） in an earlier criminal trial

40For example, O J Simpson was acquitted in criminal court of murder but later found （） for the tort of wrongful death

41The word （） means "a person (or a business like a bank or stock brokerage) who has the power and obligation to act for another (often called the beneficiary) under circumstances which require total trust, good faith and honesty"

42The word （） means "ending of a partnership relationship caused by the withdrawal of one of the partners from the relationship"

43The word （） means "a member of the governing board of a corporation or association elected or re-elected at annual meetings of the shareholders or members"

44The word （） means "the condition of having more debts (liabilities) than total assets which might be available to pay them, even if the assets were mortgaged or sold"

45The word （） means "to determine the liabilities and apportion the assets of especially in bankruptcy or dissolution"

46The word （） means "the acquisition of control or possession (as of a corporation)"

47The phrase （） means "to bring to an end by taking care of unfinished business "

48The word （） means "the administration of an insolvent debtor’s property by the court for the benefit of the debtor’s creditors"

49The word （） means "the joining together of two corporations in which one corporation transfers all of its assets to the other, which continues to exist In effect one corporation "swallows" the other, but the shareholders of the swallowed c

50The word （） means "the obtaining of controlling interest in a company"

51English law recognised long ago that a corporation would have "（）"

52Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among （）, employees, creditors and directors

53Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a （）

54UK law is "shareholder friendly" in that shareholders, to the exclusion of employees, typically exercise sole （） in the general meeting

55Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence, in （） and undivided loyalty to the enterprise

56If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough, particularly for minority shareholders, directors duties and other member rights may be （） in court

57Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for, but generally grant the right to participate in （） after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs

58The word （） means "in bankruptcy, to issue an order of the court that all debts (with certain statutory exceptions) are forgiven and need not be paid"

59The word （） means "to annul or cancel an act, particularly a statement, document or promise, as if it no longer existed"

60The word （） means "referring to a statute, contract, ruling or anything which is null and of no effect"

61The word （） means "purpose or goal"

62The word （） means "to voluntarily agree to an act or proposal of another, which may range from contracts to sexual relations"

63The word （） means "being able to perform any gainful employment"

64The word （） means "the act of failing to perform ones agreement, breaking ones word, or otherwise actively violating ones duty to other"

65The word （） means "a specific proposal to enter into an agreement with another An offer is essential to the formation of an enforceable contract An offer and acceptance of the offer creates the contract"

66The word （） means "imposing a legal obligation"

67The word （） means "receiving something from another with the intent to keep it, and showing that this was based on a previous agreement"

68A contract is a voluntary arrangement between two or more parties that is （） at law as a binding legal agreement

69Formation of a contract generally requires an （）, offer, acceptance and a mutual intent to be bound

70Minors, intoxicated persons, and those under a mental affliction may have insufficient （） to enter a contract

71Vitiating factors constituting defences to purported contract formation, for instance, （） means a false statement of fact made by one party to another party and has the effect of inducing that party into the contract

72A （） is an incorrect understanding by one or more parties to a contract and may be used as grounds to invalidate the agreement

73（） has been defined as a "threat of harm made to compel a person to do something against his or her will or judgment; especially, a wrongful threat made by one person to compel a manifestation of seeming assent by another person to a transaction with

74Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the intellect for which a （） is assigned to designated owners by law

75Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the protections （） to the creators of IP, and include trademarks, copyright, patents, industrial design rights, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets

76A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to （） others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of

77A （） gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time

78A （） is a recognizable sign, design or expression which distinguishes products or services of a particular trader from the similar products or services of other traders

79" By exchanging limited exclusive rights for （） of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work

80Violation of intellectual property rights, called "（）" with respect to patents, copyright, and trademarks, and "misappropriation" with respect to trade secrets, may be a breach of civil law or criminal law, depending on the type of int

81The phrase （） means "rights of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in some common law jurisdictions"

82The word （） means "exclusive control of a particular market that is marked by the power to control prices and exclude competition and that esp is developed willfully rather than as the result of superior products or skill"

83The word （） means "the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention or products made by an invented process that is granted to an inventor and his or her heirs or assigns for a term of years"

84The word （） means "to permit as a right or privilege"

85The word （） means "a mark that is used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify the origin or ownership of goods and to distinguish them from others and the use of which is protected by law"

86The word （） means "to encroach upon in a way that violates law or the rights of another"

87The phrase （） means "to make public or offer for sale (goods or services) with intent to deceive "

88The word （） means "an equitable remedy in the form of a court order compelling a party to do or refrain from doing a specified act"

89The word （） means "the act or process of distributing"

90The word （） means "to cause to take effect or to be fulfilled"

91The word （） means "required or compelled by law: mandatory, obligatory"

92Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership and （） in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system

93In the civil law system, there is a division between （） and immovable property

94Movable property roughly (4) to personal property, while immovable property corresponds to real estate or real property, and the associated rights and obligations thereon

95The phrase （） means "method of acquiring ownership to real property by possession for a statutory time period"

96The word （） means "doctrine that states that water belongs to the person who first makes beneficial use of it"

97The word （） means "transfer of title or ownership to real property from one person to another by deed"

98The word （） means "conveyance of real property by means of a last will and testament"

99The phrase （） means "estate of real property with infinite duration and no restrictions on use"

100The word （） means "a conveyance of title to property that is given to secure an obligation and that is defeated upon payment or performance according to stipulated terms"

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